深入 Python

示例 14.3. roman2.py

此文件位于示例目录中的 py/roman/stage2/ 中。

如果您尚未下载，您可以 下载本书中使用的此示例和其他示例。

"""Convert to and from Roman numerals"""

#Define exceptions
class RomanError(Exception): pass
class OutOfRangeError(RomanError): pass
class NotIntegerError(RomanError): pass
class InvalidRomanNumeralError(RomanError): pass

#Define digit mapping
romanNumeralMap = (('M',  1000), 
                   ('CM', 900),
                   ('D',  500),
                   ('CD', 400),
                   ('C',  100),
                   ('XC', 90),
                   ('L',  50),
                   ('XL', 40),
                   ('X',  10),
                   ('IX', 9),
                   ('V',  5),
                   ('IV', 4),
                   ('I',  1))

def toRoman(n):
    """convert integer to Roman numeral"""
    result = ""
    for numeral, integer in romanNumeralMap:
        while n >= integer:      
            result += numeral
            n -= integer
    return result

def fromRoman(s):
    """convert Roman numeral to integer"""
    pass

	romanNumeralMap 是一个元组的元组，它定义了三件事 最基本的罗马数字的字符表示形式。请注意，这不仅仅是单个字符的罗马数字；您还定义了两个字符对，例如 CM（“比一千少一百”）；这将使后面的 toRoman 代码更简单。 罗马数字的顺序。它们按值降序排列，从 M 一直到 I。 每个罗马数字的值。每个内部元组都是一对 (数字, 值)。
	这就是您的丰富数据结构发挥作用的地方，因为您不需要任何特殊的逻辑来处理减法规则。要转换为罗马数字，您只需遍历 romanNumeralMap，查找小于或等于输入的最大整数值。找到后，将罗马数字表示形式添加到输出的末尾，从输入中减去相应的整数值，起泡，冲洗，重复。

示例 14.4. toRoman 的工作原理

如果您不清楚 toRoman 的工作原理，请在 while 循环的末尾添加一个 print 语句

        while n >= integer:
            result += numeral
            n -= integer
            print 'subtracting', integer, 'from input, adding', numeral, 'to output'

>>> import roman2
>>> roman2.toRoman(1424)
subtracting 1000 from input, adding M to output
subtracting 400 from input, adding CD to output
subtracting 10 from input, adding X to output
subtracting 10 from input, adding X to output
subtracting 4 from input, adding IV to output
'MCDXXIV'

示例 14.5. romantest2.py 针对 roman2.py 的输出

请记住使用 -v 命令行标志运行 romantest2.py 以启用详细模式。

fromRoman should only accept uppercase input ... FAIL
toRoman should always return uppercase ... ok                  
fromRoman should fail with malformed antecedents ... FAIL
fromRoman should fail with repeated pairs of numerals ... FAIL
fromRoman should fail with too many repeated numerals ... FAIL
fromRoman should give known result with known input ... FAIL
toRoman should give known result with known input ... ok       
fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n ... FAIL
toRoman should fail with non-integer input ... FAIL            
toRoman should fail with negative input ... FAIL
toRoman should fail with large input ... FAIL
toRoman should fail with 0 input ... FAIL

	toRoman 实际上总是返回大写字母，因为 romanNumeralMap 将罗马数字表示形式定义为大写字母。所以这个测试已经通过了。
	好消息是：这个版本的 toRoman 函数通过了已知值测试。请记住，它并不全面，但它确实使用各种良好的输入对函数进行了测试，包括生成每个单字符罗马数字的输入、最大可能的输入 (3999) 以及生成最长罗马数字的输入 (3888)。在这一点上，您可以相当有把握地认为该函数适用于您可能抛出的任何良好输入值。
	但是，该函数对错误的值不起作用；它在每个错误输入测试中都失败了。这是有道理的，因为您没有包含任何对错误输入的检查。这些测试用例寻找要引发的特定异常（通过 assertRaises），而您永远不会引发它们。您将在下一阶段执行此操作。

以下是单元测试的其余输出，列出了所有失败的详细信息。您只剩下 10 个了。

======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman should only accept uppercase input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 156, in testFromRomanCase
    roman2.fromRoman, numeral.lower())
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: InvalidRomanNumeralError
======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman should fail with malformed antecedents
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 133, in testMalformedAntecedent
    self.assertRaises(roman2.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman2.fromRoman, s)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: InvalidRomanNumeralError
======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman should fail with repeated pairs of numerals
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 127, in testRepeatedPairs
    self.assertRaises(roman2.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman2.fromRoman, s)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: InvalidRomanNumeralError
======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman should fail with too many repeated numerals
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 122, in testTooManyRepeatedNumerals
    self.assertRaises(roman2.InvalidRomanNumeralError, roman2.fromRoman, s)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: InvalidRomanNumeralError
======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman should give known result with known input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 99, in testFromRomanKnownValues
    self.assertEqual(integer, result)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 273, in failUnlessEqual
    raise self.failureException, (msg or '%s != %s' % (first, second))
AssertionError: 1 != None
======================================================================
FAIL: fromRoman(toRoman(n))==n for all n
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 141, in testSanity
    self.assertEqual(integer, result)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 273, in failUnlessEqual
    raise self.failureException, (msg or '%s != %s' % (first, second))
AssertionError: 1 != None
======================================================================
FAIL: toRoman should fail with non-integer input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 116, in testNonInteger
    self.assertRaises(roman2.NotIntegerError, roman2.toRoman, 0.5)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: NotIntegerError
======================================================================
FAIL: toRoman should fail with negative input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 112, in testNegative
    self.assertRaises(roman2.OutOfRangeError, roman2.toRoman, -1)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: OutOfRangeError
======================================================================
FAIL: toRoman should fail with large input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 104, in testTooLarge
    self.assertRaises(roman2.OutOfRangeError, roman2.toRoman, 4000)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: OutOfRangeError
======================================================================
FAIL: toRoman should fail with 0 input
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\docbook\dip\py\roman\stage2\romantest2.py", line 108, in testZero
    self.assertRaises(roman2.OutOfRangeError, roman2.toRoman, 0)
  File "c:\python21\lib\unittest.py", line 266, in failUnlessRaises
    raise self.failureException, excName
AssertionError: OutOfRangeError
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 12 tests in 0.320s

FAILED (failures=10)